Notes
[1] For a general argument upon italian electoral changes and new models of governance applicaton see Shin M.E., Agnew J., “The geographical dynamics of italian electoral change, 1987-2001”, Electoral studies, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 287-302; Ferrara F., “Two in one: party competition in the italian single ballot mixed system”, Electoral studies, Vol. 25 (2), pp. 329-350; Borghi V., Van Berkel R., “New modes of governance in italy and the netherlands: the case of activation policies”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 85 (1), pp. 83-101
2 Interest group are a major channel through wich citizens can express their opinions to decision-makers. Their participation in policymakingmay improve decision-making processes by supporting policies that are in line with citizens preferences and blocking policies that solely reflect the interest of governing state. This subject is developed more fully in Dur A., De Bievre D., “The question of interest group influence”, Journal of public policy, Vol. 27 (1), pp. 1-12; HAlpin R.H., “The participatory and democratic potential and practice of interest groups: between solidarity and representation”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 84 (4), pp. 919-940
3 Mostly Caporaso J.A., Wittenbrinck J., “The new models of governance and political authority in Europe”, Journal of european public policy, Vol. 13 (4), pp. 471-480; Treib O., Bahr H., Falkner G., “Models of governance: towards conceptual clarification”, Journal of european public policy, Vol. 14 (1), pp. 1-20
4 Scholars examining the impact of EU on national parliamentshave concluded that integration undermines domestic legislatures. See Duina F., Raunio T., “The open method of co-ordination and national parliaments: further marginalization or new opportunities?”, Journal of european public policy, Vol. 14 (4), pp. 489-506
5 for a research over the ideology debate see Russell D.J., “Social modernization and the end of ideology debate: patterns of ideological polarization”, Japanese journal of political science, Vol. 7 (1), 1-22; Smirnov O., Fowler J.H., “Policy motivated parties in dynamic political competition”, Journal of theoretical politics, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 9-32
6 An ideal strong political party has two components: legislative discipline and programmatic platforms. See Carey J., Reynolds A., “Parties and accountable government in new democracies”, Party politics, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 255-274
7 For a confrontation with english-speaking countries see Hay C., “What’s globalization got to do with it? Economic interdependence and the future of european welfare states”, Government and opposition, Vol. 41 (1), pp. 1-22
8 For a comprehensive study on the relation between legislation and political parties see Karvonen L., “Legislation on political paries”, Party politics, Vol. 13 (4), pp. 437-455
9 For a general argument to this subject see Thompson N., Bell D., “Articulating political knowledge in deliberation”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 287-300; Edwards J., “Equal power to the people?”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 321-331
10 For a study of the role of knowledge of political system as an explanatory variable of voting choice see Bellucci P., “Tracing the cognitive and affective roots of party competenze: Italy and Britain, 2001”, Electoral studies, Vol. 25 (3), pp. 548-569; Budge I., McDonald M.D., “Election and party system effects on policy representation: bringing time into a comparative perspective”, Electoral studies, Vol. 26 (1), pp. 168-179
11 The phenomenon has been called “street level bureaucracy”. See Hupe P., Hill M., “Street-level bureaucracy and public accountability”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 85 (2), pp. 279-299; for a general view about the ability of bureaucracy to represent minority clients see also Hong-Hai L., “Representative bureaucracy: rethinking substantive effects and active representation”, Public administration review, Vol. 66 (2), pp. 193-204; Yang K., “Citizen involvement efforts and bureaucratic responsiveness: participatory values, stakeholder pressures, and administrative praticality, Public administration review, Vol. 67 (2), pp. 249-264
12 The notion of what democratic legitimacy requires is not very clear, and especially how it can be achieved when applied to politics and policy-making beyond the nation state. For details, Papadopulos Y., BEnz A. (2006), “Governance and democracy. Comparing national, european and international experiences, London: Routledge; See also Elstub S., “A double-edged sword: the increasing diversity of deliberative democracy”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 301-319; a difference between radical democracy and system democracy is made in Bevir M., “Democratic governance: systems and radical perspectives”, Public administration review, Vol. 66 (3), pp. 426-436
13 For examples during the Berlusconi’s government see Romano S., “Berlusconi’s foreign policy, inverting traditional priorities”, The international spectator, Vol. 41 (2), pp. 101-108
14 Mostly Gerring J., “Minor parties in plurality electoral systems”, Party politics, Vol. 11 (1), pp. 79-107
15 The points that follow are developed more fully in Smith P., “Politics and the media”, Government and opposition, Vol. 42 (1), pp. 128-137; Christou G., Simpson S., “The internet and public-private governance in the European Union”, vol. 26 (1), pp. 43-61; Popkin S.L., “changing media and changing political organization: delegation, representation and news”, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 71-94; Bonhomme M., Rinn M., “Internet et les usages du politique”, Mots. Les languages du politique, 80, pp. 87-89
16 Moreover, it has been argued that the institutions of both representative and direct democracy cannot be thought to legitimately reveal the true interests of voters or citizens. For details Dowding K., “Can populism be defended? William Riker, Gerry Mackie and the interpretation of democracy”, Government and opposition, Vol. 41 (3), pp. 327-347
17 For a general argument to this effect see Timbeau X., “Comment le projet européen s’égare”, Le débat, 141, pp. 154-164
18 Mostly Van Der Anker C., “Institutional implications of global justice as impartiality: cosmopolitan democracy”, Global society, Vol. 20 (3), pp. 268-285
References
– Bevir M., “Democratic governance: systems and radical perspectives”, Public administration review, Vol. 66 (3), pp. 426-436
– Bonhomme M., Rinn M., “Internet et les usages du politique”, Mots. Les languages du politique, 80, pp. 87-89
– Borghi V., Van Berkel R., “New modes of governance in italy and the netherlands: the case of activation policies”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 85 (1), pp. 83-101
– Budge I., McDonald M.D., “Election and party system effects on policy representation: bringing time into a comparative perspective”, Electoral studies, Vol. 26 (1), pp. 168-179
– Carey J., Reynolds A., “Parties and accountable government in new democracies”, Party politics, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 255-274
– Christou G., Simpson S., “The internet and public-private governance in the European Union”, vol. 26 (1), pp. 43-61
– Dowding K., “Can populism be defended? William Riker, Gerry Mackie and the interpretation of democracy”, Government and opposition, Vol. 41 (3), pp. 327-347
– Dur A., De Bievre D., “The question of interest group influence”, Journal of public policy, Vol. 27 (1), pp. 1-12,
– dwards J., “Equal power to the people?”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 321-331
– Elstub S., “A double-edged sword: the increasing diversity of deliberative democracy”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 301-319
– Ferrara F., “Two in one: party competition in the italian single ballot mixed system”, Electoral studies, Vol. 25 (2), pp. 329-350
– Gerring J., “Minor parties in plurality electoral systems”, Party politics, Vol. 11 (1), pp. 79-107
– HAlpin R.H., “The participatory and democratic potential and practice of interest groups: between solidarity and representation”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 84 (4), pp. 919-940
– Hay C., “What’s globalization got to do with it? Economic interdependence and the future of european welfare states”, Government and opposition, Vol. 41 (1), pp. 1-22
– Hong-Hai L., “Representative bureaucracy: rethinking substantive effects and active representation”, Public administration review, Vol. 66 (2), pp.193-204
– Hupe P., Hill M., “Street-level bureaucracy and public accountability”, Public administration. An international quarterly, Vol. 85 (2), pp. 279-299
– Papadopulos Y., Benz A. (2006), “Governance and democracy. Comparing national, european and international experiences”, London: Routledge.
– Popkin S.L., “changing media and changing political organization: delegation, representation and news”, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 71-94
– Romano S., “Berlusconi’s foreign policy, inverting traditional priorities”, The international spectator, Vol. 41 (2), pp. 101-108
– Russell D.J., “Social modernization and the end of ideology debate: patterns of ideological polarization”, Japanese journal of political science, Vol. 7 (1), 1-22
– Shin M.E., Agnew J., “The geographical dynamics of italian electoral change, 1987-2001”, Electoral studies, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 287-302
– Smith P., “Politics and the media”, Government and opposition, Vol. 42 (1), pp. 128-137
– Smirnov O., Fowler J.H., “Policy motivated parties in dynamic political competition”, Journal of theoretical politics, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 9-32
– Thompson N., Bell D., “Articulating political knowledge in deliberation”, Contemporary politics, Vol. 12 (3-4), pp. 287-300
– Timbeau X., “Comment le projet européen s’égare”, Le débat, 141, pp. 154-164
– Treib O., Bahr H., Falkner G., “Models of governance: towards conceptual clarification”, Journal of european public policy, Vol. 14 (1), pp. 1-20
– Yang K., “Citizen involvement efforts and bureaucratic responsiveness: participatory values, stakeholder pressures, and administrative praticality, Public administration review, Vol. 67 (2), pp. 249-264
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